How to find and cut the time a user or downstream system actually waits on an AI request. Models a request as a critical path (a graph of serial and parallel spans where only the slowest branch of any parallel work counts toward the total) and separates time-to-first-token from the steady pace of decoding that follows it. Covers what spends that time (prompt size, output length, model and serving choices, retrieval, tool and agent steps), the levers that cut it (streaming, model routing, parallelizing independent work, trimming context and output, timeouts and stage budgets), how to benchmark latency honestly instead of decoratively, and how to keep every optimization from quietly degrading quality on the way to being fast.
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